La réforme des forces de police au Canada : les tensions entre la sécurité des citoyens, les libertés fondamentales et le fédéralisme

Cet article envisage les politiques en matière de sécurité citoyenne et la réforme des forces de police au Canada pendant les 25 dernières années. La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés a établi dans l’article 7 la garantie à la « sécurité de la personne ». La poursuite de cette garantie a supposé, d’une part, une tension entre la décentralisation, le désengagement de l’État et le rôle de la police et, d’autre part, une tension entre son mandat de préserver l’ordre public, entendu comme la sauvegarde de l’État, et la protection des citoyens. Même si ces tensions se révèlent problématiques, elles n’ont pas empêché que le Canada soit un pays sûr dont le taux de criminalité est bas et où règne un important sentiment de sécurité parmi les citoyens.This article looks at policies concerning citizen security and reform among Canada's police forces during the last twenty-five years. Article 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms established a guarantee of "security of the person". Pursuit of this guarantee has supposed, on one hand, a tension between decentralization, withdrawal of the State, and the role of police, and on the other hand, a tension between the Charter's mandate to preserve public order, understood as the safeguard of the State, and the protection of citizens. Even if revealed as problematic, these tensions did not prevent Canada from being a confident country with low crime rates and a heightened sense of security among its citizens

Balance de estrategias de seguridad para zonas críticas en Bogotá y Medellín

La estrategia de seguridad para zonas críticas (Hot spot Policing) utiliza un despliegue intensivo de pie de fuerza policial para hacer disminuir el crimen en aquellas zonas donde se encuentra altamente concentrado. En Colombia, las ciudades de Bogotá y Medellín han venido implementando este modelo de manera sistemática desde el 2009 independientemente de los cambios de sus administraciones. Este artículo hace un primer balance del impacto de estas dos experiencias en el comportamiento del crimen y concluye que, por la falta de evaluaciones científicas sobre su implementación, no se puede determinar de manera definitiva que la criminalidad haya disminuido, aunque la la reducción de los delitos parece ser mayor donde la presencia policial ha aumentado

Medición del impacto en la rentabilidad dada la implementación de un sistema de gestión en seguridad y salud en el trabajo en la empresa americana de curtidos LTDA. & CIA. S.C.A

This article , the result of a research project entitled : MEASUREMENT OF IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE GIVEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK IN THE 1 Esta tasa de reducción aplicada se basa en la tasa promedio de accidentalidad de los últimos 6 años, en la matriz de riesgos actualizada y en políticas de reducción de costos operacionales dada la implementación futura del SGSYSO. 2La sigla SG-SYSO significa Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional. AMERICAN TANNING COMPANY LTDA. & CIA. SCA develops a comprehensive methodology to identify the factors with the greatest generate costs for the payment of concepts related to the management of health and safety at work in the company before related , since they do not have the implementation of the System Safety Management and Occupational Health OHSAS 1800:2007 Standard until 2013 , these costs are forecast for 2014 as well as projected Financial Statements of the company; later and from a rate reduction applied to these attributable to the implementation of the Safety Management System and Occupational Health financial statements , these financial statements recalculated ( Simulating the implementation of SG- SYSO ) 2014 , are compared and it is concluded depending on the profitability of the company before implementing the SG- SYSO and after this , also discusses in particular the behavior of Operating Expenditures ( As these costs are due to SG- SYSO )El presente artículo, resultado de la investigación titulada: MEDICION DEL IMPACTO EN LA RENTABILIDAD DADA LA  IMPLEMENTACION DE UN SISTEMA DE GESTION EN SEGURIDAD Y SALUD EN EL TRABAJO EN LA EMPRESA AMERICANA DE CURTIDOS LTDA. & CIA. S.C.A,  desarrolla una metodología completa que permite identificar los aspectos que mayor generan costos por el pago de conceptos relacionados con la gestión de salud y seguridad en el trabajo en la empresa antes relacionada, dado que no cuentan con la implementación del Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional en la Norma OSHAS 1800:2007 hasta el año 2013, se pronostican estos costos al 2014, así como también se proyectan Los Estados Financieros de la empresa; posteriormente y a partir de una tasa de reducción[1] aplicada a estos estados financieros atribuible a la implementación del Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional, recalculados estos estados financieros (Simulando la implementación del SG-SYSO[2]) para el año 2014, se comparan y se concluye en función de la rentabilidad de la empresa antes de la implementación del SG-SYSO y después de esta, así mismo se analiza en particular el comportamiento de los Gastos Operacionales (Pues en estos están los costos debidos al SG-SYSO)

Medición del impacto en la rentabilidad dada la implementación de un sistema de gestión en seguridad y salud en el trabajo en la empresa americana de curtidos LTDA. & CIA. S.C.A

This article , the result of a research project entitled : MEASUREMENT OF IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE GIVEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK IN THE 1 Esta tasa de reducción aplicada se basa en la tasa promedio de accidentalidad de los últimos 6 años, en la matriz de riesgos actualizada y en políticas de reducción de costos operacionales dada la implementación futura del SGSYSO. 2La sigla SG-SYSO significa Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional. AMERICAN TANNING COMPANY LTDA. & CIA. SCA develops a comprehensive methodology to identify the factors with the greatest generate costs for the payment of concepts related to the management of health and safety at work in the company before related , since they do not have the implementation of the System Safety Management and Occupational Health OHSAS 1800:2007 Standard until 2013 , these costs are forecast for 2014 as well as projected Financial Statements of the company; later and from a rate reduction applied to these attributable to the implementation of the Safety Management System and Occupational Health financial statements , these financial statements recalculated ( Simulating the implementation of SG- SYSO ) 2014 , are compared and it is concluded depending on the profitability of the company before implementing the SG- SYSO and after this , also discusses in particular the behavior of Operating Expenditures ( As these costs are due to SG- SYSO )El presente artículo, resultado de la investigación titulada: MEDICION DEL IMPACTO EN LA RENTABILIDAD DADA LA  IMPLEMENTACION DE UN SISTEMA DE GESTION EN SEGURIDAD Y SALUD EN EL TRABAJO EN LA EMPRESA AMERICANA DE CURTIDOS LTDA. & CIA. S.C.A,  desarrolla una metodología completa que permite identificar los aspectos que mayor generan costos por el pago de conceptos relacionados con la gestión de salud y seguridad en el trabajo en la empresa antes relacionada, dado que no cuentan con la implementación del Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional en la Norma OSHAS 1800:2007 hasta el año 2013, se pronostican estos costos al 2014, así como también se proyectan Los Estados Financieros de la empresa; posteriormente y a partir de una tasa de reducción[1] aplicada a estos estados financieros atribuible a la implementación del Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional, recalculados estos estados financieros (Simulando la implementación del SG-SYSO[2]) para el año 2014, se comparan y se concluye en función de la rentabilidad de la empresa antes de la implementación del SG-SYSO y después de esta, así mismo se analiza en particular el comportamiento de los Gastos Operacionales (Pues en estos están los costos debidos al SG-SYSO)

Medición del impacto en la rentabilidad dada la implementación de un sistema de gestión en seguridad y salud en el trabajo en la empresa americana de curtidos LTDA. & CIA. S.C.A

This article , the result of a research project entitled : MEASUREMENT OF IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE GIVEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK IN THE 1 Esta tasa de reducción aplicada se basa en la tasa promedio de accidentalidad de los últimos 6 años, en la matriz de riesgos actualizada y en políticas de reducción de costos operacionales dada la implementación futura del SGSYSO. 2La sigla SG-SYSO significa Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional. AMERICAN TANNING COMPANY LTDA. & CIA. SCA develops a comprehensive methodology to identify the factors with the greatest generate costs for the payment of concepts related to the management of health and safety at work in the company before related , since they do not have the implementation of the System Safety Management and Occupational Health OHSAS 1800:2007 Standard until 2013 , these costs are forecast for 2014 as well as projected Financial Statements of the company; later and from a rate reduction applied to these attributable to the implementation of the Safety Management System and Occupational Health financial statements , these financial statements recalculated ( Simulating the implementation of SG- SYSO ) 2014 , are compared and it is concluded depending on the profitability of the company before implementing the SG- SYSO and after this , also discusses in particular the behavior of Operating Expenditures ( As these costs are due to SG- SYSO )El presente artículo, resultado de la investigación titulada: MEDICION DEL IMPACTO EN LA RENTABILIDAD DADA LA  IMPLEMENTACION DE UN SISTEMA DE GESTION EN SEGURIDAD Y SALUD EN EL TRABAJO EN LA EMPRESA AMERICANA DE CURTIDOS LTDA. & CIA. S.C.A,  desarrolla una metodología completa que permite identificar los aspectos que mayor generan costos por el pago de conceptos relacionados con la gestión de salud y seguridad en el trabajo en la empresa antes relacionada, dado que no cuentan con la implementación del Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional en la Norma OSHAS 1800:2007 hasta el año 2013, se pronostican estos costos al 2014, así como también se proyectan Los Estados Financieros de la empresa; posteriormente y a partir de una tasa de reducción[1] aplicada a estos estados financieros atribuible a la implementación del Sistema de Gestión en Seguridad y Salud Ocupacional, recalculados estos estados financieros (Simulando la implementación del SG-SYSO[2]) para el año 2014, se comparan y se concluye en función de la rentabilidad de la empresa antes de la implementación del SG-SYSO y después de esta, así mismo se analiza en particular el comportamiento de los Gastos Operacionales (Pues en estos están los costos debidos al SG-SYSO)

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Reconstructing Native American Population History

The peopling of the Americas has been the subject of extensive genetic, archaeological and linguistic research; however, central questions remain unresolved1–5. One contentious issue is whether the settlement occurred via a single6–8 or multiple streams of migration from Siberia9–15. The pattern of dispersals within the Americas is also poorly understood. To address these questions at higher resolution than was previously possible, we assembled data from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups genotyped at 364,470 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We show that Native Americans descend from at least three streams of Asian gene flow. Most descend entirely from a single ancestral population that we call “First American”. However, speakers of Eskimo-Aleut languages from the Arctic inherit almost half their ancestry from a second stream of Asian gene flow, and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada inherit roughly one-tenth of their ancestry from a third stream. We show that the initial peopling followed a southward expansion facilitated by the coast, with sequential population splits and little gene flow after divergence, especially in South America. A major exception is in Chibchan-speakers on both sides of the Panama Isthmus, who have ancestry from both North and South America

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection